Television (TV) is a telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images that can be monochrome (black-and-white) or colored, with accompanying sound. "Television" may also refer specifically to a television set, television programming, television transmission.

The etymology of the word has a mixed Latin and Greek origin, meaning "far sight": Greek ''tele'' (}}), far, and Latin ''visio'', sight (from ''video, vis-'' to see, or to view in the first person).

Commercially available since the late 1920s, the television set has become commonplace in homes, businesses and institutions, particularly as a vehicle for advertising, a source of entertainment, and news. Since the 1970s the availability of video cassettes, laserdiscs, DVDs and now Blu-ray Discs, have resulted in the television set frequently being used for viewing recorded as well as broadcast material. In recent years Internet television has seen the rise of television available via the Internet, e.g. iPlayer and Hulu.

Although other forms such as closed-circuit television (CCTV) are in use, the most common usage of the medium is for broadcast television, which was modeled on the existing radio broadcasting systems developed in the 1920s, and uses high-powered radio-frequency transmitters to broadcast the television signal to individual TV receivers.

The broadcast television system is typically disseminated via radio transmissions on designated channels in the 54–890 MHz frequency band. Signals are now often transmitted with stereo and/or surround sound in many countries. Until the 2000s broadcast TV programs were generally transmitted as an analog television signal, but in recent years public broadcasting and commercial broadcasting have been progressively introducing digital television (DTV) broadcasting technology.

A standard television set comprises multiple internal electronic circuits, including those for receiving and decoding broadcast signals. A visual display device which lacks a tuner is properly called a video monitor, rather than a television. A television system may use different technical standards such as digital television (DTV) and high-definition television (HDTV). Television systems are also used for surveillance, industrial process control, and guiding of weapons, in places where direct observation is difficult or dangerous.

Amateur television (''ham TV'' or ''ATV'') is also used for non-commercial experimentation, pleasure and public service events by amateur radio operators. Ham TV stations were on the air in many cities before commercial TV stations came on the air.

History

In its early stages of development, television employed a combination of optical, mechanical and electronic technologies to capture, transmit and display a visual image. By the late 1920s, however, those employing only optical and electronic technologies were being explored. All modern television systems rely on the latter, although the knowledge gained from the work on electromechanical systems was crucial in the development of fully electronic television.

The first images transmitted electrically were sent by early mechanical fax machines, including the pantelegraph, developed in the late nineteenth century. The concept of electrically powered transmission of television images in motion was first sketched in 1878 as the telephonoscope, shortly after the invention of the telephone. At the time, it was imagined by early science fiction authors, that someday that light could be transmitted over copper wires, as sounds were.

The idea of using scanning to transmit images was put to actual practical use in 1881 in the pantelegraph, through the use of a pendulum-based scanning mechanism. From this period forward, scanning in one form or another has been used in nearly every image transmission technology to date, including television. This is the concept of "rasterization", the process of converting a visual image into a stream of electrical pulses.

In 1884 Paul Gottlieb Nipkow, a 23-year-old university student in Germany, patented the first electromechanical television system which employed a scanning disk, a spinning disk with a series of holes spiraling toward the center, for rasterization. The holes were spaced at equal angular intervals such that in a single rotation the disk would allow light to pass through each hole and onto a light-sensitive selenium sensor which produced the electrical pulses. As an image was focused on the rotating disk, each hole captured a horizontal "slice" of the whole image.

Nipkow's design would not be practical until advances in amplifier tube technology became available. The device was only useful for transmitting still "halftone" images—represented by equally spaced dots of varying size—over telegraph or telephone lines. Later designs would use a rotating mirror-drum scanner to capture the image and a cathode ray tube (CRT) as a display device, but moving images were still not possible, due to the poor sensitivity of the selenium sensors. In 1907 Russian scientist Boris Rosing became the first inventor to use a CRT in the receiver of an experimental television system. He used mirror-drum scanning to transmit simple geometric shapes to the CRT.

Scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrated the transmission of moving silhouette images in London in 1925, and of moving, monochromatic images in 1926. Baird's scanning disk produced an image of 30 lines resolution, just enough to discern a human face, from a double spiral of lenses. This demonstration by Baird is generally agreed to be the world's first true demonstration of television, albeit a mechanical form of television no longer in use. Remarkably, in 1927 Baird also invented the world's first video recording system, "Phonovision": by modulating the output signal of his TV camera down to the audio range, he was able to capture the signal on a 10-inch wax audio disc using conventional audio recording technology. A handful of Baird's 'Phonovision' recordings survive and these were finally decoded and rendered into viewable images in the 1990s using modern digital signal-processing technology.

In 1926, Hungarian engineer Kálmán Tihanyi designed a television system utilizing fully electronic scanning and display elements, and employing the principle of "charge storage" within the scanning (or "camera") tube.

By 1927, Russian inventor Léon Theremin developed a mirror-drum-based television system which used interlacing to achieve an image resolution of 100 lines.

Also in 1927, Herbert E. Ives of Bell Labs transmitted moving images from a 50-aperture disk producing 16 frames per minute over a cable from Washington, DC to New York City, and via radio from Whippany, New Jersey. Ives used viewing screens as large as 24 by 30 inches (60 by 75 cm). His subjects included Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover.

In 1927, Philo Farnsworth made the world's first working television system with electronic scanning of both the pickup and display devices, which he first demonstrated to the press on 1 September 1928.

WRGB claims to be the world's oldest television station, tracing its roots to an experimental station founded on January 13, 1928, broadcasting from the General Electric factory in Schenectady, NY, under the call letters W2XB. It was popularly known as "WGY Television" after its sister radio station. Later in 1928, General Electric started a second facility, this one in New York City, which had the call letters W2XBS, and which today is known as WNBC. The two stations were experimental in nature and had no regular programming, as receivers were operated by engineers within the company. The image of a Felix the Cat doll, rotating on a turntable, was broadcast for 2 hours every day for several years, as new technology was being tested by the engineers.

In 1936 the Olympic Games in Berlin were broadcast to television stations in Berlin and Leipzig where the public could view the games live.

In 1935 the German firm of Fernseh A.G. and the United States firm Farnsworth Television owned by Philo Farnsworth, signed an agreement to exchange their television patients and technology to speed development of television transmitters and stations in their respective countries countries.

On 2 November 1936 the BBC began transmitting the world's first public regular high-definition service from the Victorian Alexandra Palace in north London. It therefore claims to be the birthplace of television broadcasting as we know it today.

In 1936, Kálmán Tihanyi described the principle of plasma display, the first flat panel display system.

Mexican inventor Guillermo González Camarena also played an important role in early television. His experiments with television (known as telectroescopía at first) began in 1931 and led to a patent for the "trichromatic field sequential system" color television in 1940, as well as the remote control.

Although television became more familiar in the United States with the general public at the 1939 World's Fair, the outbreak of World War II prevented it from being manufactured on a large scale until after the end of the war. True regular commercial television network programming did not begin in the U.S. until 1948. During that year, legendary conductor Arturo Toscanini made his first of ten TV appearances conducting the NBC Symphony Orchestra, and Texaco Star Theater, starring comedian Milton Berle, became television's first gigantic hit show.

Geographical usage

[[Image:TV-introduction-world-map.svg|250px|thumb|Television introduction by country {| |- | || |- | || |- | || |- | || |} ]]

Timeline of the introduction of television in countries

Content

Programming

Getting TV programming shown to the public can happen in many different ways. After production the next step is to market and deliver the product to whatever markets are open to using it. This typically happens on two levels:

#Original Run or First Run: a producer creates a program of one or multiple episodes and shows it on a station or network which has either paid for the production itself or to which a license has been granted by the television producers to do the same. #Broadcast syndication: this is the terminology rather broadly used to describe secondary programming usages (beyond original run). It includes secondary runs in the country of first issue, but also international usage which may not be managed by the originating producer. In many cases other companies, TV stations or individuals are engaged to do the syndication work, in other words to sell the product into the markets they are allowed to sell into by contract from the copyright holders, in most cases the producers.

First run programming is increasing on subscription services outside the U.S., but few domestically produced programs are syndicated on domestic free-to-air (FTA) elsewhere. This practice is increasing however, generally on digital-only FTA channels, or with subscriber-only first-run material appearing on FTA.

Unlike the U.S., repeat FTA screenings of a FTA network program almost only occur on that network. Also, affiliates rarely buy or produce non-network programming that is not centred around local programming.

Funding

[[Image:TV users.svg|thumb|250px|right|Television sets per 1000 people of the world {| |- | || |- | || |- | || |- | || |} ]]

Around the globe, broadcast television is financed by either government, advertising, licensing (a form of tax), subscription or any combination of these. To protect revenues, subscription TV channels are usually encrypted to ensure that only subscription payers receive the decryption codes to see the signal. Unencrypted channels are known as free to air or FTA.

In 2009 the global TV market represented 1,217.2 million TV households with at least one television, and total revenues of 268.9 billion EUR (declining 1.2% compared to 2008). North America had the biggest TV revenue market share with 39%, followed by Europe (31%), Asia-Pacific (21%), Latin America (8%) and Africa and the Middle East (2%).

Globally, the different TV revenue sources divide into 45 to 50% TV advertising revenues, 40 to 45% subscription fees and 10% public funding.

Advertising

Television's broad reach makes it a powerful and attractive medium for advertisers. Many television networks and stations sell blocks of broadcast time to advertisers ("sponsors") in order to fund their programming.

Market share

This is a Worldwide TV Shipments by Technology as of Q1 2011.

Q1/2011

Source	Date	LCD TV	!	OLED TV	CRT TV	!	References
DisplaySearch.com	|	80.1%	6.6%	0.0%	13.2%	0.1%

Worldwide large-screen television technology brand rankings by revenue share as of Q1 2011.

Q1/2011

Source	Date	!	LG Electronics	Sony	!	!	Others	References
DisplaySearch.com	|	22.2%	14.5%	11.4%	7.4%	6.6%	37.9%

United States

Since inception in the U.S. in 1940, television commercial have become one of the most effective, persuasive, and popular method of selling products of many sorts, especially consumer goods. During the 1940s and into the 1950s, programs were hosted by single advertisers. This, in turn, gave great creative license to the advertisers over the content of the show. Due to the quiz show scandals in the 1950s, networks shifted to the magazine concept introducing advertising breaks with multiple advertisers.

U.S. advertising rates are determined primarily by Nielsen ratings. The time of the day and popularity of the channel determine how much a television commercial can cost. For example, the highly popular American Idol can cost approximately $750,000 for a 30-second block of commercial time; while the same amount of time for the World Cup and the Super Bowl can cost several million dollars. Conversely, lesser-viewed time slots, such as early mornings and weekday afternoons, are often sold in bulk to producers of infomercials which is less expensive.

In recent years, the paid program or infomercial has become common, usually in lengths of 30 minutes or one hour. Some drug companies and other businesses have even created "news" items for broadcast, known in the industry as video news releases, paying program directors to use them.

Some TV programs also weave advertisements into their shows, a practice begun in film and known as product placement. For example, a character could be drinking a certain kind of soda, going to a particular chain restaurant, or driving a certain make of car. (This is sometimes very subtle, where shows have vehicles provided by manufacturers for low cost, rather than wrangling them.) Sometimes a specific brand or trade mark, or music from a certain artist or group, is used. (This excludes guest appearances by artists, who perform on the show.)

United Kingdom

The TV regulator oversees TV advertising in the United Kingdom. Its restrictions have applied since the early days of commercially funded TV. Despite this, an early TV mogul, Roy Thomson, likened the broadcasting licence as being a "licence to print money". Restrictions mean that the big three national commercial TV channels: ITV, Channel 4, and Five can show an average of only seven minutes of advertising per hour (eight minutes in the peak period). Other broadcasters must average no more than nine minutes (twelve in the peak). This means that many imported TV shows from the US have unnatural breaks where the UK company has edited out the breaks intended for US advertising. Advertisements must not be inserted in the course of certain specific proscribed types of programs which last less than half an hour in scheduled duration; this list includes any news or current affairs program, documentaries, and programs for children. Nor may advertisements be carried in a program designed and broadcast for reception in schools or in any religious broadcasting service or other devotional program, or during a formal Royal ceremony or occasion. There also must be clear demarcations in time between the programs and the advertisements.

The BBC, being strictly non-commercial is not allowed to show advertisements on television in the UK, although it has many advertising-funded channels abroad. The majority of its budget comes from television license fees (see below) and broadcast syndication, the sale of content to other broadcasters.

Ireland

The Broadcasting Commission of Ireland (BCI) () oversees advertising on television and radio within Ireland on both private and state owned broadcasters. Similar to other European countries, advertising is found on both private and state owned broadcasters. There are some restrictions based on advertising, especially in relation to the advertising of alcohol. Such advertisements are prohibited until after 7pm. Broadcasters in Ireland adhere to broadcasting legislation implemented by the Broadcasting Commission of Ireland and the European Union. Sponsorship of current affairs programming is prohibited at all times.

As of October 1, 2009 the responsibilities held by the BCI are gradually being transferred to the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland.

Taxation or license

Television services in some countries may be funded by a television licence or a form of taxation which means advertising plays a lesser role or no role at all. For example, some channels may carry no advertising at all and some very little, including:

Australia (ABC)

Japan (NHK)

Norway (NRK)

Sweden (SVT)

United Kingdom (BBC)

United States (PBS)

The BBC carries no television advertising on its UK channels and is funded by an annual television licence paid by all households owning a television. This television licence fee is set by government, but the BBC is not answerable to or controlled by government.

The two main BBC TV channels are watched by almost 90 percent of the population each week and overall have 27 per cent share of total viewing. This in spite of the fact that 85% of homes are multichannel, with 42% of these having access to 200 free to air channels via satellite and another 43% having access to 30 or more channels via Freeview. The licence that funds the seven advertising-free BBC TV channels currently costs £139.50 a year (about US$215) irrespective of the number of TV sets owned. When the same sporting event has been presented on both BBC and commercial channels, the BBC always attracts the lion's share of the audience, indicating viewers prefer to watch TV uninterrupted by advertising.

The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) carries no advertising (except for internal promotional material) as it is banned under the ABC Act 1983. The ABC receives its funding from the Australian Government every three years. In the 2008/09 Federal Budget the ABC received A$1.13 Billion. The funds assist in providing the ABC's Television, Radio, Online and International outputs. The ABC also receives funds from its many ABC Shops across Australia. However funded by the Australian Government the editorial independence of the ABC is ensured through law.

In France and Ireland government-funded channels carry advertisements yet those who own television sets have to pay an annual tax ("la redevance audiovisuelle").

In Japan, NHK is paid for by license fees (known in Japanese as ). The Broadcast Law which governs NHK's funding stipulates that any television equipped to receive NHK is required to pay. The fee is standardized, with discounts for office workers and students who commute, as well a general discount for residents of Okinawa prefecture.

Subscription

Some TV channels are partly funded from subscriptions therefore the signals are encrypted during broadcast to ensure that only the paying subscribers have access to the decryption codes to watch pay television or specialty channels. Most subscription services are also funded by advertising.

Genres

Television genres include a broad range of programming types that entertain, inform, and educate viewers. The most expensive entertainment genres to produce are usually drama and dramatic miniseries. However, other genres, such as historical Western genres, may also have high production costs.

Popular culture entertainment genres include action-oriented shows such as police, crime, detective dramas, horror, or thriller shows. As well, there are also other variants of the drama genre, such as medical dramas and daytime soap operas. Science fiction shows can fall into either the drama or action category, depending on whether they emphasize philosophical questions or high adventure. Comedy is a popular genre which includes situation comedy (sitcom) and animated shows for the adult demographic such as ''South Park''.

The least expensive forms of entertainment programming genres are game shows, talk shows, variety shows, and Reality television. Game shows show contestants answering questions and solving puzzles to win prizes. Talk shows feature interviews with film, television and music celebrities and public figures. Variety shows feature a range of musical performers and other entertainers such as comedians and magicians introduced by a host or Master of Ceremonies. There is some crossover between some talk shows and variety shows, because leading talk shows often feature performances by bands, singers, comedians, and other performers in between the interview segments. ''Reality TV'' shows "regular" people (''i.e.'', not actors) who are facing unusual challenges or experiences, ranging from arrest by police officers (''COPS'') to weight loss (''The Biggest Loser''). A variant version of reality shows depicts celebrities doing mundane activities such as going about their everyday life (''The Osbournes'', ''Snoop Dogg's Father Hood'') or doing manual labor (''Simple Life'').

Social aspects and effects on children

Television has played a pivotal role in the socialization of the 20th and 21st centuries. There are many aspects of television that can be addressed, including media violence research. In 2010 the iPlayer incorporated a social media aspect to its internet television service, including Facebook and Twitter.

Environmental aspects

With high lead content in CRTs, and the rapid diffusion of new, flat-panel display technologies, some of which (LCDs) use lamps which contain mercury, there is growing concern about electronic waste from discarded televisions. Related occupational health concerns exist, as well, for disassemblers removing copper wiring and other materials from CRTs. Further environmental concerns related to television design and use relate to the devices' increasing electrical energy requirements.

See also

Broadcast-safe

Content Discovery Platform

Handheld television

How television works

Satellite television

Information-action ratio

Internet television

List of countries by number of television broadcast stations

List of television manufacturers

List of years in television

Media psychology

Outdoor television

Computer monitor/VDU units

Sign language on television

Technology of television

References

Further reading

Albert Abramson, ''The History of Television, 1942 to 2000'', Jefferson, NC, and London, McFarland, 2003, ISBN 0786412208.

Pierre Bourdieu, ''On Television'', The New Press, 2001.

Tim Brooks and Earle March, ''The Complete Guide to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows'', 8th ed., Ballantine, 2002.

Jacques Derrida and Bernard Stiegler, ''Echographies of Television'', Polity Press, 2002.

David E. Fisher and Marshall J. Fisher, ''Tube: the Invention of Television'', Counterpoint, Washington, DC, 1996, ISBN 1887178171.

Steven Johnson, ''Everything Bad is Good for You: How Today's Popular Culture Is Actually Making Us Smarter'', New York, Riverhead (Penguin), 2005, 2006, ISBN 1594481946.

Jerry Mander, ''Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television'', Perennial, 1978.

Jerry Mander, ''In the Absence of the Sacred'', Sierra Club Books, 1992, ISBN 0871565099.

Neil Postman, ''Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business'', New York, Penguin US, 1985, ISBN 0670804541.

Evan I. Schwartz, ''The Last Lone Inventor: A Tale of Genius, Deceit, and the Birth of Television'', New York, Harper Paperbacks, 2003, ISBN 0060935596.

Beretta E. Smith-Shomade, ''Shaded Lives: African-American Women and Television'', Rutgers University Press, 2002.

Alan Taylor, ''We, the Media: Pedagogic Intrusions into US Mainstream Film and Television News Broadcasting Rhetoric'', Peter Lang, 2005, ISBN 3631518528.

External links

A History of Television at the Canada Science and Technology Museum

The Encyclopedia of Television at the Museum of Broadcast Communications

The Evolution of TV, A Brief History of TV Technology in Japan NHK

Television's History – The First 75 Years

Worldwide Television Standards

Global TV Market Data

''Television in Color'', April 1944 one of the earliest magazine articles detailing the new technology of color television

Littleton, Cynthia. "Happy 70th Birthday, TV Commercial broadcasts bow on July 1, 1941; Variety calls it 'corney'", ''Variety'', July 1, 2011. WebCitation archive.

Category:Television terminology Category:Video hardware Category:Media formats Category:Performing arts Category:Russian inventions Category:Scottish inventions Category:British inventions Category:American inventions Category:1946 introductions Category:1923 introductions

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name	Brewster Kahle
alt	Brewster Kahle in 2009
residence	San Francisco, California
birth date	October 22, 1960
birth place	New York City, NY
alma mater	Massachusetts Institute of Technology (BS)
nationality	American
workplaces	Internet Archive Electronic Frontier Foundation
known for	Co-founder of Alexa Internet Founder of Internet Archive
occupation	Digital Librarian Computer Engineer Company Director }}

Brewster Kahle ( ; born 1960) is a computer engineer, internet entrepreneur, activist, and digital librarian.

Biography

Kahle graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1982 with a Bachelor of Science in computer science and engineering, where he was a member of the Chi Phi Fraternity. The emphasis of his studies was artificial intelligence; he studied under Marvin Minsky and W. Daniel Hillis.

Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive and the Open Content Alliance, a group of organizations committed to making a permanent, publicly accessible archive of digitized texts. Kahle is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a member of the National Academy of Engineering, and serves on the boards of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, Public Knowledge, the European Archive, the Television Archive, and the Internet Archive. He is a member of the advisory board of the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program of the Library of Congress, and is a member of the National Science Foundation Advisory Committee for Cyberinfrastructure. In 2010 he was given an honorary doctorate in computer science from Simmons College, where he studied library science in the 1980s.

He was a member of the Thinking Machines team (1983–1992), where he developed the WAIS system, a precursor to the World Wide Web. In 1992, he co-founded, with Bruce Gilliat, WAIS, Inc. (sold to AOL in 1995 for $15 million), and, in 1996, Alexa Internet (sold to Amazon.com in 1999 for $250M of stock). At the same time as he started Alexa, he founded the Internet Archive, which he continues to direct.

Kahle and his wife, Mary Austin, created the Kahle/Austin Foundation, a US$45 million trust that supports the Internet Archive and other non-profit organizations. The Foundation supports the Free Software Foundation for the GNU project.

In his TED Talks Kahle describes his vision of a free digital library, which contains all the world's books, music, concerts, Television programs, and snapshots of World Wide Web pages using an invention called the Wayback Machine. He was inspired to create the Wayback Machine after visiting the offices of Alta Vista, and was struck by the enormity of the task being undertaken and achieved: to store and index everything that was on the Web. Kahle states: "I was standing there, looking at this machine that was the size of five or six Coke machines, and there was an 'aha moment' that said, 'You can do everything.'"

Thought and influences

Book digitization

Kahle has been critical of Google's book digitization, especially of Google's exclusivity in restricting other search engines digital access to the books they archive. Kahle describes Google's 'snippet' feature as a means of tip-toeing around copyright issues, and further expresses his frustration in the lack of a decent loaning system for digital materials. He states the digital transition, thus far, has went from local control to central control, non-profit to for-profit, diverse to homogeneous, and from "ruled by law" to "ruled by contract". Kahle states that even public-domain material published before 1923, and not bound by copyright law, is still bound by contracts and requires a permission-based system from Google to be distributed or copied. Kahle reasons that this trend has emerged because of; distribution of information favoring centralization, the economic cost of digitizing books, the issue of staffing at library's not having the technical knowledge to build these services, and the decision of the administrators to outsource information services.

Kahle states: "It’s not that expensive. For the cost of 60 miles of highway, we can have a 10 million-book digital library available to a generation that is growing up reading on-screen. Our job is to put the best works of humankind within reach of that generation. Through a simple Web search, a student researching the life of John F. Kennedy should be able to find books from many libraries, and many booksellers — and not be limited to one private library whose titles are available for a fee, controlled by a corporation that can dictate what we are allowed to read."

Other benefits of digitization

Kahle explains that apart from the value of an historian's use of these digital archives; that they might also serve to help with some common infrastructure complaints about the Internet, such as adding reliability to "404 Document not found" errors, contextualizing information to make it more trust-worthy, and maintaining navigation to aid in finding related content. Kahle also explains the importance of packaging enough meta-data (information about the information) into the archive, since we don't know what future researchers will be interested in, and that it might be more problematic in finding data rather then preserving data.

Physical media

"Knowledge lives in lots of different forms over time," Kahle has said. "First it was in people's memories, then it was in manuscripts, then printed books, then microfilm, CD-ROMS, now on the digital internet. Each one of these generations is very important." Voicing a strong reaction to the idea of books simply being thrown away, and inspired by the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, Kahle envisions collecting one copy of every book ever published. "We're not going to get there, but that's our goal," he said. "We want to see books live forever." Pointing out that even digital books have a physical home on a hard drive somewhere, he sees saving the physical artefacts of information storage as a way to hedge against the uncertainty of the future. (Alongside the books, Kahle plans to store the Internet Archive's old servers, which were replaced late last year.) He began by having conventional shipping containers modified as climate-controlled storage units. Each container can hold about 40,000 volumes, the size of a branch library. So far, Kahle has gathered about 500,000 books. He thinks the warehouse itself is large enough to hold about a million titles, with each one given a barcode that identifies the cardboard box, pallet and shipping container in which it resides. A given book may be retrieved in about an hour, and are not to be loaned out but used to verify contents recorded in another medium. Book preservation experts say he'll have to contend with vermin and about a century's worth of books printed on wood pulp paper that decays over time because of its own acidity. Peter Hanff, acting director of the Bancroft Library, the special collections and rare books archive at the University of California, Berkeley, says that just keeping the books on the west coast of the US will save them from the climate fluctuations that are the norm in other parts of the country.

Awards and appointments

Bachelor of Science - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1982

National Academy of Engineering, 2010

American Academy of Arts and Sciences, member 2005

Library of Congress NDIIP advisory board

NSF Cyber Infrastructure advisory board

2004 Paul Evan Peters Award from the Coalition of Networked Information (CNI).

2008 Robert B. Downs Intellectual Freedom Award from the University of Illinois

2007 Knowledge Trust Honors award recipient

Public Knowledge, IP3 award recipient

2009 "50 Visionaries Changing Your World", Utne Reader 2010 Honorary Doctor of Laws, University of Alberta, 2010 Zoia Horn Intellectual Freedom Award

Publications

;Articles

Responsible Party: Brewster Kahle: A Library of the Web on the Web New York Times, September 8, 2002

O'Reilly Network: How the Wayback Machine Works - 21 January 2002

O'Reilly Network: Brewster Kahle on the Internet Archive and People's Technology - Interview by Lisa Rein. 22 January 2004

ACM Queue: A Conversation with Brewster Kahle - June 2004

Slate - The Archivist: Brewster Kahle made a copy of the Internet. Now, he wants your files. - 7 April 2005

San Francisco Chronicle - A Man's vision: World Library Online - 22 November 2005

Brewster's Keynote at Wikimania 2006

B. Kahle and his relationship to Google (Cnet Article: ''Grant Funds Open-Source Challenge to Google Library'') - 21. Dec 2006

Mention in San Francisco Chronicle

The Economist "The internet's librarian" - 5 March 2009

"A Book Grab by Google" by Brewster Kahle (Washington Post Op-Ed 19.May.2009)

Lend Ho! Brewster Kahle Is a Thorn in Google's Side Forbes November 16, 2009

Brewster Kahle named one of the "50 Visionaries Who Are Changing Your World (Utne Reader November–December 2009)

Internet Archive founder turns to new information storage device – the book, ''The Guardian'', 1 August 2011

;Audio/Video

Science Friday, 1993: The Future of the Internet Brewster Kahle, then President of WAIS, participates in the discussion.

Library of Congress, Public Access to Digital Materials (RealVideo and slides) - 20 November 2002

CSPAN - Digital Futures - Universal Access to All Knowledge - Video program of Brewster Kahle. 13 December 2004

NerdTV Interview (video, audio, and transcript available) - 18 August 2005

IT Conversations - Universal Access to All Knowledge - Audio program featuring Brewster Kahle. 16 December 2004

IT Conversations - Tech Nation interview with Dr. Moira Gunn - 7 February 2006

PBS NerdTV - Episode #4 An Interview with Brewster Kahle with Robert X. Cringley - 27 September 2005

References

External links

Personal Blog

Biography at The Internet Archive

*Talks and Writings of Brewster Kahle at the Internet Archive

, alternate link

Category:American Internet personalities Category:Businesspeople in information technology Category:Intellectual property activism Category:American computer businesspeople Category:American philanthropists Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni Category:Living people Category:1960 births

ca:Brewster Kahle de:Brewster Kahle fr:Brewster Kahle it:Brewster Kahle nl:Brewster Kahle ja:ブリュースター・ケール sv:Brewster Kahle

Rick Prelinger (born 1953, Washington D.C., U.S.) is an archivist, writer and filmmaker, and founder of the Prelinger Archives, a collection of 60,000 advertising, educational, industrial, and amateur films acquired by the Library of Congress in 2002 after 20 years' operation.

Rick has partnered with the Internet Archive to make 1,970 films from Prelinger Archives available online for free viewing, downloading and reuse. With the Voyager Company, a pioneer new media publisher, he produced fourteen laserdiscs and CD-ROMs with material from his archives, including ''Ephemeral Films,'' the ''Our Secret Century'' series and ''Call It Home: The House That Private Enterprise Built,'' a laserdisc on the history of suburbia and suburban planning (co-produced with architect Keller Easterling).

He worked at the Comedy Channel from its startup in 1989 until it was merged into the comedy network HA!, and then worked at Home Box Office until 1995. Rick has taught in the MFA Design program at New York's School of Visual Arts and lectures widely on American cultural and social history and on issues of cultural and intellectual property access. He sat (2001–2004) on the National Film Preservation Board as representative of the Association of Moving Image Archivists, was Board President of the San Francisco Cinematheque (2002–2007), and is currently Board President of the Internet Archive.

His feature-length film ''Panorama Ephemera,'' depicting the conflicted landscapes of 20th-century America, opened in summer 2004. He is co-founder of the Prelinger Library (with spouse Megan Shaw Prelinger), an appropriation-friendly reference library located in San Francisco.

He wrote ''The Field Guide to Sponsored Films'' (2007) which "describes 452 historically or culturally significant motion pictures commissioned by businesses, charities, advocacy groups, and state or local government units between 1897 and 1980." It is available as a book and as a free PDF from the National Film Preservation Foundation. He recently (2005–2007) worked at the Internet Archive on a large-scale texts digitization project and recently helped organize the Open Content Alliance.

See also

Sponsored film

External links

Interview with Ràdio Web MACBA (2011)

Lecture on his film collection and the future of archiving at MACBA (2011)

Interview/podcast on the future of archives and issues relating to access to archives and culture (2011)

Interview with Spots Unknown

Prelinger.com

blackoystercatcher, Rick Prelinger's blog

Prelinger Library

Prelinger Collection

*Prelinger Library

''Panorama Ephemera''

''Panorama Ephemera'' published in the Vectors Journal of Culture and Technology in a Dynamic Vernacular, Volume 2 Issue 1 (Ephemera).

''The Field Guide to Sponsored Films''

Prelinger's "Reimagining the Archive" presentation at UCLA, November 2010

Category:1953 births Category:Living people Category:American writers Category:American archivists Category:American film directors

nl:Rick Prelinger

name	Tim Russert
birthname	Timothy John Russert
birth date	May 07, 1950
birth place	Buffalo, New York, U.S.
death date	June 13, 2008
death place	Washington, D.C.
education	B.A. in Political Science, 1972John Carroll University,J.D., 1976 Cleveland-Marshall College of Law
occupation	Journalist
party	Democrat
spouse	Maureen Orth (1983–2008) (his death)
children	Luke Russert
religion	Roman Catholic
credits	''Meet the Press'' moderator(1991–2008), ''NBC Nightly News'' correspondent,NBC News Washington Bureau Chief, host of ''Tim Russert''
url	http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4459759/ }}

Timothy John "Tim" Russert (May 7, 1950 – June 13, 2008) was an American television journalist and lawyer who appeared for more than 16 years as the longest-serving moderator of NBC's ''Meet the Press''. He was a senior vice president at NBC News, Washington bureau chief and also hosted the eponymous CNBC/MSNBC weekend interview program ''Tim Russert''. He was a frequent correspondent and guest on NBC's ''The Today Show'' and ''Hardball''. Russert covered several presidential elections, and he presented the NBC News/''Wall Street Journal'' survey on the ''NBC Nightly News'' during the 2008 U.S. presidential election. ''Time'' magazine included Russert in its list of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2008. Russert was posthumously revealed as a 30-year source for syndicated columnist Robert Novak.

Early life

Russert was born in Buffalo, New York to Irish American Catholic parents Elizabeth (Betty), a homemaker, and Timothy Joseph "Big Russ" Russert (November 29, 1923 – September 24, 2009), a sanitation worker. Elizabeth and Joseph were married for 30 years before separating in 1976. He was the second of four children; his sisters are Betty Ann (B.A.), Kathleen (Kathy) and Patricia (Trish). He received a Jesuit education from Canisius High School in Buffalo.

He received his B.A. in 1972 from John Carroll University and a Juris Doctor with honors from the Cleveland State University, Cleveland-Marshall College of Law in 1976. Russert commented on ''Meet the Press'' that he went to Woodstock, "in a Buffalo Bills jersey with a case of beer." While in law school, an official from his alma mater, John Carroll University, called Russert to ask if he could book some concerts for the school as he had done while a student. He agreed, but said he would need to be paid because he was running out of money to pay for law school. One concert that Russert booked was headlined by a then-unknown singer, Bruce Springsteen, who charged $2,500 for the concert appearance. Russert told this story to Jay Leno when he was a guest on ''The Tonight Show'' on NBC on June 6, 2006. John Carroll University has since named its Department of Communications and Theatre Arts in Russert's honor.

Professional career

Political

Prior to becoming host of ''Meet the Press'', Russert worked as a special counsel, and later as chief of staff, to U.S. Senator Daniel Moynihan, a Democrat from New York. In 1983, he became the counsel to New York Governor Mario Cuomo, also a Democrat.

NBC News: Washington bureau chief and host of ''Meet the Press''

He was hired by NBC News' Washington bureau the following year and became bureau chief by 1989. Russert assumed the job of host of the Sunday morning program ''Meet the Press'' in 1991, and would become the longest serving host of the program. Its name was changed to ''Meet the Press with Tim Russert'', and, at his suggestion, went to an hour-long format in 1992. The show also shifted to a greater focus on in-depth interviews with high profile guests, where Russert was known especially for his extensive preparatory research. One approach he developed was to find old quotes or video clips that were inconsistent with guests' more recent statements, present them on-air to his guests and then ask them to clarify their positions. With Russert as host the show became increasingly popular, receiving more than four million viewers per week, and it was recognized as one of the most important sources of political news. ''Time'' magazine named Russert one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2008, and Russert often moderated political campaign debates.

Political coverage and debates

During NBC's coverage of the 2000 presidential election, Russert calculated possible Electoral College outcomes using a whiteboard (now in the Smithsonian Institution) on the air and memorably summed up the outcome as dependent upon "Florida, Florida, Florida." TV Guide described the scene as "one of the 100 greatest moments in TV history." Russert again accurately predicted the final battleground of the presidential elections of 2004: "Ohio, Ohio, Ohio." On the MSNBC show ''Tucker'', Russert predicted the battleground states of the 2008 presidential election would be New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona and Nevada, saying, "If Democrats can win three of those four, they can lose Ohio and Florida, and win the presidency."

Red states and blue states

According to ''The Washington Post'', the phrases red states and blue states were coined by Tim Russert, although in that same article Russert states that he wasn't the first to use the terminology. This term refers to those states of the United States of America whose residents predominantly vote for the Republican Party (red) or Democratic Party (blue) presidential candidates, respectively. John Chancellor, Russert's NBC colleague, is credited with using red and blue to represent the states on a US map for the 1976 presidential election. Mainstream political discussion following the 2000 presidential election used red state/blue state more frequently.

CIA leak scandal

In the Plame affair, Scooter Libby, convicted chief of staff for Vice President Dick Cheney, told special prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald that Russert told him of the identity of Central Intelligence Agency officer Valerie Plame (Mrs. Joseph C. Wilson). Russert testified previously, and again in ''United States v. I. Lewis Libby,'' that he would neither testify whether he spoke with Libby nor would he describe the conversation. Russert did say, however, that Plame's identity as a CIA operative was not leaked to him. Russert testified again in the trial on February 7, 2007. According to the ''Washington Post'', Russert testified that "when ''any'' senior government official calls him, they are presumptively off the record," saying: "when I talk to senior government officials on the phone, it's my own policy our conversations are confidential. If I want to use anything from that conversation, then I will ask permission."

At the trial, the prosecution asserted that a Federal Bureau of Investigation agent had called Russert regarding Russert's phone call with Libby, and that Russert had told the agent that the subject of Plame had not come up during his conversation with Libby. Russert was posthumously revealed as a thirty-year source of columnist Robert Novak, whose original article revealed Plame's affiliation with the CIA. In a Slate.com article, Jack Shafer argued that "the Novak-Russert relationship poses a couple of questions. [...] Russert's long service as an anonymous source to Novak...requires further explanation." In a posthumous commentary, the L.A. Times wrote that, "Like former New York Times reporter Judith Miller, Russert was one of the high-level Washington journalists who came out of the Libby trial looking worse than shabby." The article's author, Tim Rutten, argued that although Russert and NBC had claimed that these conversations were protected by journalistic privilege, "it emerged under examination [that] Russert already had sung like a choirboy to the FBI concerning his conversation with Libby—and had so voluntarily from the first moment the Feds contacted him. All the litigation was for the sake of image and because the journalistic conventions required it."

Iraq War

In the lead up to the Iraq War, ''Meet the Press'' featured interviews with top government officials including Vice President Dick Cheney. CBS ''Evening News'' correspondent Anthony Mason praised Russert's interview techniques: "In 2003, as the United States prepared to go to war in Iraq, Russert pressed Vice President Dick Cheney about White House assumptions." However, Salon.com reported a statement from Cheney press aide Cathie Martin regarding advice she says she offered when the Bush administration had to respond to charges that it manipulated pre-Iraq War intelligence: "I suggested we put the vice president on ''Meet the Press'', which was a tactic we often used. It's our best format." David Folkenflik quoted Russert in his May 19, 2004, ''Baltimore Sun'' article:

Folkenflik went on to write:

In the 2007 PBS documentary, ''Buying the War'', Russert commented:

2008 Presidential Debate

At the February debate, Russert was criticized for what some perceived as disproportionately tough questioning of Democratic presidential contender Hillary Clinton. Among the questions, Russert had asked Clinton, but not Obama, to provide the name of the new Russian President (Dmitry Medvedev). This was later parodied on ''Saturday Night Live''. In October 2007, liberal commentators accused Russert of harassing Clinton over the issue of supporting drivers' licenses for illegal immigrants.

Enthusiasm for sports

Russert grew up as a New York Yankees fan, switching his allegiance to the Nationals when they were established in Washington, D.C. Russert held season tickets to both the Washington Nationals and the Washington Wizards and was elected to the board of directors of the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York in 2003.

A lifelong fan of the Buffalo Bills football team, Russert often closed Sunday broadcasts during the football season with a statement of encouragement for the franchise. The team released a statement on the day of his passing, saying that listening to Russert's "Go Bills" exhortation was part of their Sunday morning game preparation. He once prayed publicly on the show with his father when the Bills were going for the Super Bowl for the fourth consecutive time before Super Bowl XXVIII. On July 23, 2008, U.S. Route 20 leading to the Bills' Ralph Wilson Stadium in Orchard Park, New York was renamed the "Timothy J. Russert Highway".

Russert was also a Buffalo Sabres fan and appeared on an episode of ''Meet the Press'' next to the Stanley Cup during a Sabres playoff run. While his son was attending Boston College, he often ended ''Meet the Press'' with a mention of the success of various Boston College sports teams.

Author

Russert penned a best-selling autobiography, ''Big Russ and Me'' in 2004, which chronicled his life growing up in the predominantly Irish American working-class neighborhood of South Buffalo and his education at Canisius High School. Russert's father Timothy Joseph Russert, "Big Russ," was a World War II veteran who held down two jobs after the war, emphasized the importance of maintaining strong family values, the reverence of faith, and never taking a short cut to reach a goal. Russert claimed to have received over 60,000 letters from people in response to the book, detailing their own experiences with their fathers. He released ''Wisdom of Our Fathers: Lessons and Letters from Daughters and Sons'' in 2005, a collection of some of these letters. This book also became a best-seller.

Cameo television appearance

Russert made a cameo appearance in 1995 on the critically acclaimed police drama, ''Homicide: Life on the Street''. He played the cousin of fictional Baltimore homicide detective Megan Russert. He was mentioned by name again on the show in 1996, when it was said that he had introduced his "cousin" to a French diplomat, with whom she then went abroad. ''Homicide'' executive producer Tom Fontana attended the same Buffalo high school as Russert.

Awards

During his career, Russert received 48 honorary doctorates and won several awards for excellence in journalism, including the Edward R. Murrow Award from the Radio-Television News Directors Association, the John Peter Zenger Freedom of the Press Award, the American Legion Journalism Award, the Veterans of Foreign Wars News Media Award, the Congressional Medal of Honor Society Journalism Award, the Allen H. Neuharth Award for Excellence in Journalism, the David Brinkley Award for Excellence in Communication and the Catholic Academy for Communication's Gabriel Award. Russert also received an Emmy Award in 2005 for his coverage of the funeral of former President Ronald Reagan.

Personal life

Russert met Maureen Orth at the 1976 Democratic National Convention; they married in 1983 at the Basilica de San Miguel in Madrid, Spain. Orth has been a special correspondent for ''Vanity Fair'' since 1993.

Their son, Luke, graduated from Boston College in 2008. He hosts the XM Radio show ''60/20 Sports'' with James Carville, and was an intern with ESPN's ''Pardon the Interruption'' and NBC's ''Late Night with Conan O'Brien''. On July 31, 2008, NBC News announced that Luke Russert would serve as an NBC News correspondent covering the youth perspective on the 2008 United States presidential election.

The Russert family lived in northwest Washington, D.C. and also spent time at a vacation home on Nantucket Island, where Tim served on the board of several non-profit organizations.

Russert, a devout Catholic, said many times he had made a promise to God to never miss Sunday Mass if his son were born healthy. In his writing and in his news reporting, Russert spoke openly and fondly of his Catholic school education and of the role of the Catholic Church in his life. He was an outspoken supporter of Catholic education on all levels. Russert said that his father, a sanitation worker who never finished high school, "worked two jobs all his life so his four kids could go to Catholic school, and those schools changed my life." He also spoke warmly of the Catholic nuns who taught him. "Sister Mary Lucille founded a school newspaper and appointed me editor and changed my life," he said. Teachers in Catholic schools "taught me to read and write, but also how to tell right from wrong."

Russert also contributed his time to numerous Catholic charities. He was particularly devoted and concerned for the welfare of street kids in the United States and children whose lives were lost to street violence. He told church workers attending the 2005 Catholic Social Ministry Gathering that "if there's an issue that Democrats, Republicans, conservatives and liberals can agree on, it's our kids."

Russert's favorite beer was Rolling Rock, and, at his funeral, fellow anchor Tom Brokaw brought and raised a Rolling Rock in Russert's memory.

Prior to his death, he had an audience with Pope Benedict XVI during his trip to Italy. He was also scheduled to give the Catholic Common Ground Initiative's Philip J. Murnion Lecture on June 27, 2008 at The Catholic University of America. Russert was the commencement speaker at Saint Joseph's University in summer of 2005.

Death

Shortly after 1:30 pm on June 13, 2008, Russert collapsed at the offices of WRC-TV, which houses the Washington, D.C. bureau of NBC News where he was chief. He was recording voiceovers for the Sunday edition of ''Meet the Press.'' According to Brian Williams, during his speech at the Kennedy Center on June 13, Russert's last words were, "What's happening?" spoken as a greeting to NBC Washington bureau editing supervisor Candace Harrington. He then collapsed. A co-worker began CPR on him. The District of Columbia Fire and Rescue service received a call from NBC at 1:40 pm, and dispatched an EMS unit which arrived at 1:44 pm. Paramedics attempted to defibrillate Russert's heart three times, but he did not respond. Russert was then transported to Sibley Memorial Hospital, arriving at 2:23 pm, where he was pronounced dead.

In accordance with American journalistic tradition, the public announcement of Russert's death was withheld by both the wire services and his network's competitors, until Russert's family had been notified. Retired ''NBC Nightly News'' anchor Tom Brokaw then delivered, live on NBC, CNBC and MSNBC, the news of his passing. ''NBC Nightly News'' anchor Brian Williams was on assignment in Afghanistan and could not anchor the special report. Russert had just returned from a family vacation in Rome, Italy, where he had celebrated his son's graduation from Boston College. While his wife and son remained in Rome, Russert had returned to prepare for his Sunday television show.

Russert's longtime friend and physician, Dr. Michael Newman, said that his asymptomatic coronary artery disease had been controlled with medication and exercise, and that he had performed well on a stress test in late April. An autopsy performed on the day of his death determined that his history of coronary artery disease led to a myocardial infarction (heart attack) and ventricular fibrillation with the immediate cause being an occlusive coronary thrombosis in the left anterior descending artery resulting from a ruptured cholesterol plaque, called a "widow maker".

Russert is buried at Rock Creek Cemetery, next to the historic Soldiers' Home, in Washington's Petworth neighborhood. The Newseum in Washington, D.C., has a re-creation of Russert's office.

Reaction

On the evening of his death, the entire, nearly commercial-free half hour of ''NBC Nightly News'' was dedicated to Russert's memory. Bill and Hillary Clinton released a joint statement saying Russert "had a love of public service and a dedication to journalism that rightfully earned him the respect and admiration of not only his colleagues but also those of us who had the privilege to go toe to toe with him." Many of his colleagues in both newspaper and television reporting also offered tribute to Russert in this and other programs. Other major news agencies, including CBS, ABC, CNN, Fox News, and the BBC spent large segments of their programming on June 13 reporting about Russert's life and career. Bruce Springsteen, a friend of Russert's, gave an on-stage tribute to Russert while performing in Cardiff, Wales, on June 14 and again at Russert's televised Kennedy Center memorial service, calling him "an important irreplaceable voice in American journalism" and offering condolences to his family. On the June 13, 2008, episode of ''Late Night'', Conan O'Brien simply walked onto the stage at the start of the show. Instead of his usual upbeat antics and monologue, O'Brien announced that he had just received news about the sudden death of his good friend, fellow NBC employee and frequent ''Late Night'' guest Tim Russert. O'Brien proceeded to show two clips of his favorite Russert ''Late Night'' moments.

Some journalists criticized the amount of media coverage that Russert's death received. Jack Shafer of ''Slate'' called NBC's coverage a "never-ending video wake." ''Washington Post'' writer Paul Farhi also expressed disapproval, noting that a print journalist would likely not have received similar attention. ''Chicago Tribune'' columnist Julia Keller questioned the volume of coverage as well as the labeling of Russert's death as "a national tragedy."

Career timeline

;Political career

1977–1982 — chief of staff to Daniel Patrick Moynihan

1983–1984 — counselor to Mario Cuomo

;Broadcast career

1984–1988 — senior vice president of NBC News' Washington operations

1995—Homicide: Life on the Street (cameo appearance as self, but as fictitious cousin of Captain Megan Russert)

1988–2008 — Washington bureau chief of NBC News

1991–2008 — moderator of ''Meet the Press''

1992–2006 — co-anchor of NBC News' election night coverage

;Debates moderated 1991 — Ex-Gov. Edwin Edwards and State Rep. David Duke, candidates for Governor of Louisiana 1994 — Gov. Lawton Chiles and Jeb Bush, candidates for Governor of Florida 1998 — Sen. Bob Graham vs. State Sen. Charlie Crist, candidates for U.S. Senate from Florida January 2000 — in New Hampshire involving Republican candidates for President January 2000 — in New Hampshire involving Democratic candidates for President 2000 — Bill McCollum vs. Bill Nelson, candidates for U.S. Senate from Florida September 2000 — in Buffalo Rep. Rick Lazio and First Lady Hillary Clinton, candidates for U.S. Senate from New York October 2000 — involving candidates for U.S. Senate from Florida 2002 — Bill McBride and Gov. Jeb Bush, candidates for Governor of Florida 2002 — Shannon O'Brien vs. Mitt Romney, candidates for Governor of Massachusetts 2004 — Betty Castor and HUD Secretary Mel Martinez, candidates for U.S. Senate from Florida October 2005 — Jerry Kilgore and Lt. Gov. Tim Kaine, candidates for governor of Virginia November 2006 — in Orlando Sen. Bill Nelson and Rep. Katherine Harris, candidates for U.S. Senate from Florida September 2007 — in New Hampshire involving Democratic candidates for U.S. President

November 2007 — (co-moderator) of debate in Philadelphia involving Democratic candidates for U.S. president

January 2008 — in Boca Raton, Florida involving Republican candidates for President January 2008 — in Las Vegas, Nevada involving Democratic candidates for President

March 2008 — (co-moderator) at Cleveland State between Sen. Hillary Clinton and Sen. Barack Obama, Democratic candidates for U.S. President

References

Further reading

Russert, Tim. Interview with President George W. Bush. Transcript. ''NBC News' Meet the Press''. MSNBC February 8, 2004. Accessed February 10, 2007.

Russert, Tim. Interview with Sen. John Kerry, D-MA, presidential candidate. Transcript. ''NBC News' Meet the Press''. MSNBC April 18, 2004. Accessed February 10, 2007.

External links

Tim Russert – MSNBC biography

Remembering Tim Russert

Tim Russert at Find-A-Grave

A Tribute to Tim Russert '72 – John Carroll University video tribute

Tim Russert Archive of American Television Interview

Category:1950 births Category:2008 deaths Category:American television news anchors Category:American political journalists Category:American Roman Catholics Category:American broadcast news analysts Category:Cardiovascular disease deaths in Washington, D.C. Category:Cleveland-Marshall College of Law alumni Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction Category:Emmy Award winners Category:American people of Irish descent Category:American writers of Irish descent Category:John Carroll University alumni Category:Journalists from Upstate New York Category:NBC News Category:New York Democrats Category:New York lawyers Category:People from Buffalo, New York Category:Plame affair figures Category:Washington, D.C. Democrats Category:Washington, D.C. lawyers Category:Writers from New York Category:Burials at Rock Creek Cemetery

de:Tim Russert es:Tim Russert fa:تیم راسرت fr:Tim Russert id:Tim Russert it:Tim Russert he:טים ראסרט la:Timotheus Ioannes Russert nl:Tim Russert no:Tim Russert pt:Tim Russert simple:Tim Russert fi:Tim Russert sv:Tim Russert zh:提姆·拉瑟特

Bob Schiller (b. November 8, 1918) is an American screenwriter, most notably for the television series ''I Love Lucy'' (1955-1957) and ''All in the Family'' (1977-1979). For the latter series, he received an Emmy Award in 1978 as one of the writers of the episode "Cousin Liz".

Schiller, born in San Francisco, California, began writing for television in 1950. His credits include the 1955 CBS sitcom ''Professional Father'', starring Stephen Dunne as a child psychologist and Barbara Billingsley as his wife. That same year, he wrote for two competing series, NBC's ''The Jimmy Durante Show'' and CBS's ''It's Always Jan'', starring Janis Paige as a widowed single mother in New York City. During 1954-1955, Schiller was one of the writers for the CBS sitcom ''That's My Boy'', starring Eddie Mayehoff and Gil Stratton.

Schiller's producing credits include the CBS sitcoms ''The Good Guys'' and ''All's Fair''.

References

External links

Category:1918 births Category:Living people Category:Emmy Award winners

fi:Bob Schiller